Pre-med/IB-style questions on transcription and translation fundamentals: DNA strands, RNA synthesis directionality, mRNA processing, ribosome function, tRNA charging/anticodons, reading frames, and start/stop codons (including common conceptual traps).
Which process is an important real-life exception to the simplified “DNA → RNA → protein” pathway, while still NOT implying information flows from protein back to nucleic acids?
Source: entermedschool.org
<!-- Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein — EnterMedSchool -->
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src="https://entermedschool.org/embed/questions#{"title":"Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein","questions":[{"prompt":"Which process is an important real-life exception to the simplified “DNA → RNA → protein” pathway, while still NOT implying information flows from protein back to nucleic acids?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Translation","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Transcription","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"DNA replication","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Reverse transcription (RNA → DNA)","isCorrect":true},{"label":"E","body":"Peptide bond hydrolysis","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Reverse transcription (used by retroviruses like HIV) copies RNA into DNA. This is an exception to the simplest pathway DNA→RNA, but it still doesn’t mean protein sequences can be copied back into nucleic acids."},{"prompt":"During translation, which molecule provides the direct template that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"DNA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"mRNA","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"rRNA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"tRNA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Protein","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"The ribosome reads codons on mRNA to build the protein. DNA is the long-term storage, rRNA is structural/catalytic in ribosomes, and tRNA is the adaptor that matches codons to amino acids."},{"prompt":"For a particular gene, the DNA strand whose sequence matches the mRNA (except T instead of U) is called the:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Template (antisense) strand","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Coding (sense) strand","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"Lagging strand","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Leading strand","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Non-template intron strand","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"mRNA is complementary to the template strand, so it matches the coding strand (with U in place of T). Leading/lagging refer to DNA replication, not transcription identity."},{"prompt":"RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in which direction (and therefore reads the DNA template in which direction)?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Synthesizes 3′→5′; reads 3′→5′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Synthesizes 3′→5′; reads 5′→3′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"Synthesizes 5′→3′; reads 3′→5′","isCorrect":true},{"label":"D","body":"Synthesizes 5′→3′; reads 5′→3′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Synthesizes 5′→5′; reads 3′→3′","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"All known polymerases add nucleotides to the 3′ end, so RNA is built 5′→3′ while the DNA template is read 3′→5′."},{"prompt":"Which base pairing rule applies during transcription when RNA is being built from a DNA template?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"A pairs with T; C pairs with G","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"A pairs with U; C pairs with G","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"A pairs with C; U pairs with G","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"A pairs with G; C pairs with U","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"A pairs with U; C pairs with T","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine (T). So A pairs with U, and C pairs with G during transcription."},{"prompt":"A ribosome translates an mRNA by moving along it in which direction?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"3′→5′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"5′→3′","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"Randomly in both directions","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"From the poly-A tail toward the 5′ cap","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"From introns toward exons","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Ribosomes read codons in the 5′→3′ direction. Introns are removed before translation in eukaryotes, so they aren’t “read” by ribosomes."},{"prompt":"A polypeptide is synthesized in which direction?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"C-terminus → N-terminus","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"N-terminus → C-terminus","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"Both ends extend simultaneously","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Side chain → backbone","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Random order determined by tRNA abundance","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Proteins grow by adding each new amino acid to the carboxyl end, so the chain extends from N→C."},{"prompt":"In the standard genetic code, the most common start codon is:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"UAA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"UAG","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"UGA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"AUG","isCorrect":true},{"label":"E","body":"UUU","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"AUG is the typical start codon and codes for methionine (Met). UAA/UAG/UGA are stop codons."},{"prompt":"The DNA triplet that corresponds to the mRNA start codon AUG on the coding (sense) strand is:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"ATG","isCorrect":true},{"label":"B","body":"TAC","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"AUC","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"UAG","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"ACG","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"The coding DNA strand matches mRNA except T replaces U. So AUG in mRNA corresponds to ATG in DNA (coding strand). TAC would be the complementary template triplet."},{"prompt":"Which set lists ONLY stop codons in the standard genetic code?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"AUG, UGG, UGA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"UAA, UAG, UGA","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"UAC, UAU, UAA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"AAA, AAG, AGG","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"CAA, CAG, CGA","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"The three stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. AUG is start (Met), and UGG codes tryptophan."},{"prompt":"When a ribosome reaches a stop codon, what molecule directly recognizes it in the A site?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"A specific tRNA carrying a “stop amino acid”","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"A release factor protein","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"DNA polymerase","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"RNA polymerase","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Stop codons are not matched by tRNAs. Instead, a release factor binds the stop codon and triggers termination by releasing the polypeptide from the tRNA."},{"prompt":"An mRNA codon is written 5′→3′ as 5′-AUG-3′. Which anticodon (written 3′→5′) would pair correctly with it?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"3′-UAC-5′","isCorrect":true},{"label":"B","body":"3′-AUG-5′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"5′-UAC-3′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"5′-CAU-3′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"3′-CAU-5′","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Codon–anticodon pairing is complementary and antiparallel. AUG pairs with UAC, and the anticodon is conventionally written 3′→5′ as 3′-UAC-5′."},{"prompt":"The “wobble” concept mainly explains why:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"DNA has a double helix","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"RNA polymerase reads DNA 5′→3′","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"One tRNA can sometimes recognize multiple codons for the same amino acid","isCorrect":true},{"label":"D","body":"Stop codons code for methionine","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Proteins are made in the nucleus","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Wobble pairing occurs at the third base of the codon (first of the anticodon), allowing a single tRNA to bind more than one codon that specifies the same amino acid."},{"prompt":"Which enzyme is MOST directly responsible for matching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"RNA polymerase","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Ribosomal peptidyl transferase","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase","isCorrect":true},{"label":"D","body":"DNA ligase","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Helicase","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases “charge” tRNAs with the correct amino acids and are a major fidelity checkpoint. The ribosome mainly checks codon–anticodon pairing, not amino acid identity."},{"prompt":"A tRNA with anticodon 3′-UAC-5′ is mistakenly charged with valine instead of methionine. The ribosome encounters AUG. What is MOST likely to be incorporated?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Methionine, because AUG always forces methionine to be used","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Valine, because the ribosome reads the anticodon–codon match, not the amino acid identity","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"A stop signal, because the tRNA is incorrect","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"No amino acid; translation stops immediately","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Glycine, because wobble converts AUG to GGU","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"If a tRNA is mischarged, the ribosome can still accept it if the anticodon matches the codon. The wrong amino acid (valine) would be incorporated—highlighting why aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are crucial for accuracy."},{"prompt":"In eukaryotic cells, transcription and translation are separated mainly because:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Eukaryotes lack ribosomes in the cytosol","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"DNA is located in the nucleus while ribosomes translate mRNA in the cytosol/rough ER","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"mRNA cannot leave mitochondria","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"tRNA is made only in the cytosol and cannot enter the nucleus","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Eukaryotes use protein templates instead of mRNA templates","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Eukaryotes have a nucleus that houses DNA and transcription, while translation happens at ribosomes in the cytoplasm (or on rough ER). This separation enables extensive mRNA processing."},{"prompt":"Which set lists common processing steps for eukaryotic pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?","options":[{"label":"A","body":"5′ cap, poly-A tail, splicing","isCorrect":true},{"label":"B","body":"Shine-Dalgarno addition, removal of stop codons, DNA methylation","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"tRNA charging, peptide bond formation, ribosome assembly","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Okazaki fragment joining, proofreading, helicase unwinding","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Translation initiation, elongation, termination","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Eukaryotic pre-mRNA is typically capped at the 5′ end, polyadenylated at the 3′ end, and spliced to remove introns. Shine-Dalgarno is a prokaryotic translation feature, not mRNA processing."},{"prompt":"Splicing primarily removes:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Exons to keep introns","isCorrect":false},{"label":"B","body":"Introns to join exons","isCorrect":true},{"label":"C","body":"Stop codons to keep translation going","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"tRNAs to free ribosomes","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Amino acids from a polypeptide chain","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Splicing removes introns from pre-mRNA and ligates exons together to form a continuous coding sequence (plus UTRs)."},{"prompt":"Alternative splicing is important because it allows:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"One gene to produce multiple different protein isoforms","isCorrect":true},{"label":"B","body":"One ribosome to translate DNA directly","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"Proteins to act as templates for new DNA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Stop codons to code for amino acids","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"A single codon to specify multiple amino acids","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"By including or skipping certain exons, a single gene can yield different mRNAs and thus different proteins. Codons remain unambiguous (one codon → one amino acid or stop)."},{"prompt":"A key difference in prokaryotes is that translation can begin before transcription ends because:","options":[{"label":"A","body":"Prokaryotic DNA is in the cytosol and there is no nuclear membrane barrier","isCorrect":true},{"label":"B","body":"Prokaryotes have no mRNA","isCorrect":false},{"label":"C","body":"Prokaryotes translate proteins from DNA directly","isCorrect":false},{"label":"D","body":"Prokaryotes lack ribosomes","isCorrect":false},{"label":"E","body":"Prokaryotes splice introns extensively before translation","isCorrect":false}],"explanation":"Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, ribosomes can access newly made mRNA while it’s still being transcribed, allowing coupled transcription–translation."}]}"
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