High‑school/Pre-med/IB questions on hemoglobin structure, oxygen binding cooperativity, Bohr shift (CO₂/pH effects), alkalosis/acidosis, fetal hemoglobin, and sickle cell basics.
Pre-med/IB-style questions on what buffers are, the bicarbonate buffer system, why CO2 matters, and how lungs and kidneys maintain blood pH. Includes tricky scenarios for respiratory vs metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and compensation.